![]() Grapefruit juice has been shown to reduce levels of fexofenadine, and increase levels of quinidine. It is unclear whether this applies to intestinal P-gp, for which digoxin is not considered to be a sensitive probe. Two small clinical studies in healthy adults using digoxin as a probe substrate show that grapefruit juice does not inhibit P-gp in the kidneys. While most in vitro research shows that grapefruit products inhibit P-gp, research in humans is less clear. Theoretically, it might inhibit intestinal P-gp, but evidence is conflicting. Grapefruit juice does not seem to affect renal P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Application of cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa and cryopreserved human enterocytes in the evaluation of herb-drug interactions: evaluation of CYP3A inhibitory potential of grapefruit juice and commercial f
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